When children begin to plan for the future

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A type of memory crucial for imagining the future doesn’t seem to develop in children until the age of 5. Episodic memory lets us reflect on our past and imagine ourselves in the future. To find out when children develop this, Amanda Seed at the University of St Andrews in the UK and her colleagues devised a test for 212 children aged between 3 and 7.
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Each child was taught how to use a box that released a desirable sticker when the correct token was placed in it. An examiner showed them two differently coloured boxes and told them that one would remain on a table when they left the room, and the other would be put away.
The children were later offered three tokens to choose from, in a different room. Two matched the colours of the boxes they had seen, but the third was a new colour to distract them. Only tokens of a matching colour delivered a sticker.
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Although the children weren’t told this, thinking about the boxes they had used and their colours should have enabled them to predict that it might be best to pick a token of the same colour as one of the boxes. The 3 and 4-year-old children didn’t choose the right token more often than they would by chance, suggesting they were unable to make this inference, but children aged 5 and over did.
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The team found that children under the age of 4 weren’t good at remembering the colour of the box they had been using. However, older kids were nearly perfect at recalling this, suggesting they could use episodic memory to make a good choice for the future.
“This study shows the fragility of episodic memory in 4-year-olds and the fact that planning and implementing a complex goal-directed action depends on a combination of cognitive abilities,” says Iroise Dumontheil at Birkbeck, University of London.

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